Some might say the health care bill is a distraction from what’s next. Peeling back the layers of the politicians’ never-ending string of nationalizations reveals that they may just be ramping up.

Believe it or not, the self-trustee Solo 401k may hold the key to empowering freedom-loving Americans to finally defeat government takeover of private industries.

Enjoy the video, as it contains a valuable game plan.

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If you’re looking for a tax break this year, there’s still time to open a Solo 401(K). But do your research and seek experts to help you understand the plan, how to manage your account without the need for a custodian which amounts to extra fees, and how to transfer your existing new plan. You’ll find the options for investing and maximizing your contributions are plentiful but the clock’s ticking—you only have until December 31st to open one for 2009.

Solo 401(k) retirement plans can grant direct checkbook control without the use of an LLC or custodian.

The concept of custodian comes from Internal Revenue Code Section 408(a)(2) and is defined in Section 408(n). This entire IRC section 408 is devoted to Individual Retirement Accounts, or IRAs. The code basically explains that an IRA is normally a trust, and the trustee must be a bank. It then defines bank as a bank, trust company, or any company specifically approved by the IRS. This capacity of trustee to an IRA is known as “custodian”. This trustee role is simply that of investing the plan as directed by the accountholder.

A Solo 401(k) plan is a type of 401(k) that is designed for self employed individuals whose businesses have no full time employees. All 401(k) plans are qualified plans, and qualified plans do not have any special restrictions on who can serve as trustee.

So the significant difference is that with a Solo 401(k), the participant can actually be the trustee and handle the investment transactions themselves. This can serve to simplify operating the plan because no third party is introduced. Such simplification can also serve to minimize third party fees.

Titling of Assets

If you’ve been researching or operating a self directed IRA, you may be familiar with how IRA assets must be titled. If Jeremy Smith had an IRA with Sunwest Trust, his IRA’s assets would be titled as:

Sunwest Trust, Inc. F/B/O Jeremy Smith IRA

“F/B/O” means “for benefit of”. To experience the benefits of checkbook control, some self directed IRA accountholders choose to create a special purpose LLC to be owned by their IRA but managed by them. So the membership units of the LLC would be titled as:

Sunwest Trust, Inc. F/B/O Jeremy Smith IRA

…and Jeremy (as manager of that LLC) would further invest the new LLC funds to purchase assets that would be titled in the name of the LLC.

To own and directly control retirement assets in a Solo 401(k) plan can be much simpler. Jeremy would simply have his plan setup to name himself as trustee. He would then direct the plan to purchase assets to be titled to:

Jeremy Smith Solo 401k Trust

…or whatever Jeremy chooses to name the trust that exists for the sole purpose of managing the assets for his Solo 401(k) plan. In this case, there is absolutely no need to setup an LLC for the purpose of gaining checkbook control.

This convenience is little known because conventionally 401(k) plans have served as an investment vehicle for large corporations with many participants. Solo 401(k) plans are much easier and less expensive to operate. In fact, Jeremy can serve the roles of employer, employee, plan participant, plan administrator, and plan trustee. Serving the role of employer and employee allows him to contribute up to $46,000 per year to his account (or $51,000 if he’s over age 50). If Jeremy’s wife works in his business, she can participate as well and contribute up to another $46k each year.

The Downside of Checkbook Control

You may hear about potential problems of checkbook control, such as recordkeeping and legal compliance. Firstly, the only reporting required for a Solo 401(k) is annual filing of Form 5500-EZ, and it is only required once plan assets exceed $250,000 in value. There are plenty of companies who will prepare this form for about $300.

The issue of checkbook control legal compliance is quite simple. All self directed accountholders and participants must avoid prohibited transactions. This requirement and responsibility rests solely on you as accountholder/participant regardless of whether you have checkbook control and regardless of whether you are using and IRA or Solo 401(k). See an elaborate explanation here.

The facts are that when using a self directed, self administered, self trusteed Solo 401(k):

• meeting the reporting requirements is simple, and it’s inexpensive to have Form 5500-EZ prepared for you
• there is no special or unique risk of legal noncompliance that would otherwise be eliminated by using a custodian

Conclusion

In my opinion, a Solo 401(k) where the same person serves all roles involved is the simplest, most effective and direct way for that person to self direct their retirement plan investments. It opens doors to the most flexible options possible. This allows for investment into foreign assets, investment clubs, tax liens, precious metals, and many other investments that some custodians optionally refuse.

So if you’re self employed (through your own Corporation, LLC, or even Sole Proprietorship) and you have no full time employees, the rules are bent in your favor with a Solo 401(k) – arranging and utilizing checkbook control is easier.

What is a participant loan?

A Solo 401(k) participant can borrow up to either $50,000 or 50% of their account value with the following terms:

• To be repaid over an amortization schedule of 5 years or less
• Regular payments no less frequently than quarterly
• At a reasonable rate of interest… generally interpreted as prime rate + 1%

Such a loan may only be made in accordance with the Solo 401(k) plan documents. While most plan documents disallow this type of loan, the Unlimited® 401k offered by my company does allow it.

Under what conditions is this allowed?

Any. As long as the plan documents allow for it & the proper loan documents are prepared and executed, a participant loan can be made for any reason.

When is this useful?

This can be useful when someone is thinking about distributing money out of their Solo 401k plan for some reason. I recently talked to a man who was going to distribute his 100k IRA to pay for finishing the repairs of 2 fixer upper houses. After we spoke, his strategy was amended to instead:

• Setup a Solo 401k plan (adopted by his business) and transfer IRA funds into it
• Take a participant loan of $50k
• Use the loan proceeds to finish rehabbing Property #1 (which was owned personally free & clear)
• Do a cash out refinance on Property #1 once rehab is complete
• Use refi proceeds to finish rehabbing Property #2 & pay back the Solo 401(k) participant loan

In his situation, it made sense to pull some equity out of Property #1 to pay for the completion of Property #2 (and the early repayment of the participant loan) because the rental income (upon completion) of Property #1 covered about 350% of its new loan payments.

The result of the new strategy

• Avoided IRA distribution
• Avoided $35,000 in distribution taxes
• Paid participant loan back within a few months
• The rental income of Property #1 will payoff its mortgage within 6 years (with maximum principal reduction payments)
• Left $100k in his retirement account for maximum tax deferred growth

There are many other common uses for a Solo 401(k) participant loan. If a person wants to make a <$50k investment that would otherwise be a prohibited transaction, they can just borrow the money and do the investment as an individual.

What other uses can you think of?

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Conventional Tax Strategies for Real Estate

Many real estate investors boast of their tax strategy as involving one or more of the following:

Depreciation – This is a tax concept where the property owner pretends that his property is decreasing in value. For residential real estate, it assumes that the property’s improvements will become worthless over 27.5 years. In commercial real estate, the calculation is for 39 years. During each year of property ownership, the owner can take that year’s pro rata depreciation as if it is a loss against the income of the property… which reduces the taxable income of the property, thus reducing the amount of taxes due. Upon future sale of the property, depreciation normally must be “recaptured” which means that there is no more pretending, and the taxes on the truly realized gains must be paid anyways.

Cash out Refi – This is where the owner of the property will refinance the mortgage. The new loan will have a higher balance than the old one, resulting in “cash out”. Because this is just borrowing, it is not a taxable event. Upon future sale of the property, however, taxes will normally be due on the actual gains anyways.

1031 Exchange – Upon the sale of real property, the gains can be deferred if they are used to purchase property of “like kind” within a certain time period. It goes something like this:

• Sell Property A
• Have a “qualified intermediary” receive the proceeds of the sale
• Replacement property (“Property B“) must be identified in writing within 45 days of the sale of Property A
• Property B must be purchased (closed) within 180 days of the sale of Property A

• Property B must be of equal or greater value to Property A
• Both properties must be “like kind”. For instance if Property A was U.S. real estate, Property B must also be U.S. real estate.

So, savvy real estate investors often pride themselves in combining these tax strategies to drastically reduce or even eliminate taxes. This can be a very powerful strategy.

Don’t let the tail wag the dog

Perhaps an even more powerful strategy is to use a Self Directed 401(k). I think where using retirement accounts can add an advantage is by not requiring you to 1031, refi, or follow any restrictive plan in order to defer or eliminate taxes.

Let’s imagine I buy an investment property in my Self Directed 401(k), and you buy a similar property outside of your 401(k). We both want to eliminate or defer taxes. I have more options on how I can proceed with my investment than you do.

1. When I sell my property, I don’t have to buy another one within a few months.
2. I don’t have to continue buying more expensive properties; i.e. “trading up“.
3. I don’t have to use a certain amount of leverage to ensure I have enough interest expenses to sufficiently reduce my taxable income.
4. I don’t have to borrow my gain through a refinance and bear the interest expense. I can just sell.
5. I can focus on maximizing cash flow instead of trying to hit a sweet spot of only getting enough cash flow that can be hidden by depreciation deductions.
6. I can invest in real estate options, mortgage notes, revenue participation contracts, and virtually anything else with my proceeds… including assets in a foreign country.

Repeat this situation over and over, and I believe my additional options will sometimes result in better bottom line investment performance. I want maximization of investment performance as my unconditional primary focus, and that is only possible when I can buy what I want when I want.

Simple Advice: Buy & Sell at Different Times

When I had my mortgage company, I asked one of my wealthiest clients why he didn’t use 1031 exchanges. He explained to me, “Jeff, I’m not a genius. I don’t know everything about the real estate market and what it’s going to do. So I have to keep things simple: I buy when property is cheap, and I sell when property is expensive. Normally these two events are further apart than 180 days, so I don’t use the 1031.” He was basically playing on market cycles. Things go up and come down. He buys when they are down, and sells when they are up. I like to take his philosophy a step further: to fully make use of market cycles you must be prepared to invest in real estate in different locations, and in different ways… (i.e. real estate options, debt instruments secured by real estate, different purchase prices, etc.)

In another item of notability, the inflationary situation is creating an encouraging opportunity for investment into any asset not exposed to US Dollars. You can’t use 1031 to defer the gains of a US property into a foreign property.

Imagine how your next real estate investment will go if you knew you could buy and sell when and where you want and still defer the taxes on income and gains.

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If you talk to the average CPA, he’ll tell you that UBIT is the boogeyman and is to be avoided… always. Discussing this topic with an above average CPA (such as Eric Wikstrom of Integrated Wealth Strategies) yields different advice.

The Two Types of UBIT

1. Triggered from a trade or business – if a tax exempt entity (such as an IRA or 401k) owns a trade or business, the income of that business is taxed at trust rates (i.e. very high tax rates). Both IRA & Solo 401k accounts are subject to this type of UBIT.
2. Triggered from ownership of leveraged real estate – if a tax exempt entity (including IRA) owns real estate leveraged with a mortgage loan, the portion of that income attributable to the mortgage loan is taxed at trust rates. This type of UBIT is specifically referred to as UDFI – Unrelated Debt Financed Income. Solo 401k accounts & other qualified plans are exempt from UDFI.

Trust tax rates are very high, so it might make sense to avoid Type 1 UBIT at all costs. On the other hand, a close examination of UDFI tends to revoke its “boogeyman” status.

The reason UDFI isn’t a detrimental cost is that non-recourse mortgage loans (the only type an IRA/401k can legally obtain) are typically only offered at a 65% loan-to-value maximum. So this means that the UDFI tax is only payable on up to 65% of the property’s net income. (That’s right – net income. You do get to deduct depreciation and other expenses before paying UDFI tax).

Let’s examine a simple comparison of the taxes payable on net real estate income with 50% leverage:

Example A

Example B

The gap between the dollar amount of taxes paid widens as the income increases:

Let’s go back and look at Example B. Take the difference in taxes and examine the long term effects of 25 years of investing and compounding returns. These charts assume a 15% annualized ROI:

Example B1

This uses an effective tax rate of 16.23% for UDFI

Example B2

This uses an individual tax rate of 28%

The result? The IRA has a balance of $631,385.87 more than the individual does.

Conclusion

It might make sense to avoid Type 1 UBIT, while Type 2 UBIT (UDFI tax) results in less taxation than the alternative of investing with individual funds. For those eligible for the Solo 401k, Type 2 UBIT (UDFI tax) generally does not apply.

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1. Be eligible for a Solo 401k in the first place. This means that you have to have self employment activity (such as Schedule C income on your 1040 or own a business), and you have to have no employees at any businesses in which you or your spouse have significant ownership. (An “employee” is somebody who works over 1000 hours per year for your business and receives a W-2).
2. Add me on Facebook. Go to my Facebook profile to add me to your friends. If you don’t have a Facebook account, just create one. It’s very simple and easy, and it will help you stay connected for updates, news, events, etc.
3. Write a brief explanation of the most powerful business or investment opportunities in our current recession. Explain the “how” and the “why” as much as you can, but be direct and to the point at the same time. Submit it in a comment on this blog post (the one you’re currently reading) OR post it to the “wall” at the bottom of the Facebook Solo 401k Contest page. I’ll review all entries, and the person with the best idea will get a Solo 401k setup for them by Nabers Group with the entire establishment fee waived.

Submission Deadline: March 15, 2009

Value: $210,585

The math: Over the past 10 years, most stock indexes have produced a return of approximately 0%. With a Self-Directed Solo 401(k) plan, the accountholder can buy real estate, gold, stock in private companies, and loan money to individuals or corporations. Surveys have shown us that over 80% of our Solo 401(k) clients have a target return of investment of 12% per year or more. An investor with $100,000 of existing funds who earns 12% per year for 10 years will generate a profit of $210,585.

We’ve never done this before, and I don’t know if we will ever do this again. Now’s your chance – start working on your entry today!

* The value is based on the potential profit you could earn and will vary based on your investment decisions. With a Self-Directed Solo 401(k), it’s up to you to find and choose investments, and only you will decide how profitable and valuable this investment vehicle will be.

We’ve never done this before, and I don’t know if we will ever do this again. Now’s your chance – start working on your entry today!

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This is quite a simple concept so this post will be very brief.

• Our weak economy has brought very high inflation: as high as 13% over the past year.
• Future dollars are worth much less than dollars today.
• With a Solo 401k you can make tax-deductible contributions to your retirement plan in today’s dollars and pay taxes later in less valuable dollars.
• Successful entrepreneurs and self employed individuals can contribute $49,000 per year or more to their Solo 401k in 2009.

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In this segment we briefly discuss the Solo 401k and how it differs from a Self Directed IRA.

The following clip observes the benefits of unrestricted investment choices.

[Additional clips from this discussion to come]

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While there are many people finding themselves more fearful than ever, there are others who are more excited than ever. Here’s why…

1. The rules of safety and courage have changed. Since the industrial revolution, employee-ism has surged. During this time, getting a job to work for somebody else was the safe thing to do. On the other side of the coin the risky, courageous act of working for oneself is what brings riches. As a result, each person has been faced with a choice to pursue either safety or riches. Part of what made employee-ism the safe bet for an individual is the stability of companies as well as what has become the largest store of non-real estate wealth in our country: holdings in the stock market. This year we have seen the rules of the game permanently changed. Our financial system is crashing, and trustworthiness has evaporated from corporate America and the financial services industry. Now working for yourself is no longer the courageous thing to do; it’s the safe thing to do.
2. Technology has brought immense power to everybody. Personal computers and the internet are now available to just about everyone. This has made some very expensive things become cheap or free. This has made it possible to do things that were previously impossible. There is no longer a need for every transaction to take place in a physical location. Needs and desires are able to be fulfilled online. In many circumstances, the large corporation cannot compete with the one-man shop. Today a person can start and run several businesses for little or no money. Taking something and creating or increasing its value has never been more accessible.
3. Arbitrage has never been easier to find and profit from. Arbitrage is the process of equalizing values. When two similar or identical assets can be bought at different prices in different markets, arbitrageurs show up to buy the assets in the lower priced market and sell them in the higher priced market. This act itself will usually bring the prices together in both markets. People have been “arbing” since the beginning of time. A farmer grows corn, and there is a town close by where he sells his corn. He discovers that in an other town further down the road, his corn will sell for more. He takes it there and enjoys increased profits for a period of time. In the book The 4 Hour Work Week, Tim Ferriss discusses geo-arbitrage. He describes this as the act of spending time in foreign locations that have a lower cost of living without reducing your standard of living – in fact he offers case studies in which people have largely upgraded their standard of living while maintaining or lowering their expenses. Anyone who can run their business over the internet will have the opportunity to enjoy geo-arbitrage. More change brings more arbitrage. We find ourselves in a time when change has never been more rapid or significant. Arbitrage has also never been more abundant.

I believe we’re moving into a time when self employment will replace much of the employee-ism of our recent history. Self employment today is quite different than just working a job for your own company. Owning a business in our rapidly changing, technology-armed environment allows you to disconnect your compensation from your time. Once your business can function independent of your personal time, you can develop additional streams of income and find ways to improve your businesses.

Every person, every government, and every company in the world is feeling the pressing of tremendous forces. Some of them include rising gas prices, rising food prices, rising real estate prices, falling real estate prices, unemployment, competition, etc. All of these problems create a demand for solutions. In some scenarios, large businesses with thousands of employees are too cumbersome to make changes as effectively as small businesses. As long as we continue to see change, there will be growing opportunity for small businesses to make the world a better place and profit in the course of doing so.

I believe self employment, responsibility, and self directed wealth management will become more common than the unnatural dependence of our recent years. There will be little opportunity for fraud and corruption once we have moved our wealth and power into our own hands.

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